Ranging from the subtropical forests of the Terai to the great peaks of the Himalayas in the north, Nepal abounds with some of the most spectacular sceneries in the whole of Asia, with a variety of fauna and flora also unparalleled elsewhere in the region. Between Nepal's geographical extremes, one may find every vegetational type, from the treeless steppes of the Trans-Himalayan region in the extreme north and the birch, silver fir, larch, and hemlock of the higher valleys to the oak, pine, and rhododendron of the intermediate altitudes and the great sal and Sissam forests of the south.
The rolling, densely forested hills and broad Dun valleys of the Terai, along with other parts of the country, were formerly renowned for their abundance and variety of wildlife. Though somewhat depleted as a result of agricultural settlements, deforestation, poaching, and other causes, Nepal can still boast richer and more varied flora and fauna than any other area in Asia. For practical purposes, Nepal's flora and fauna can be divided into four regions:
1. Tropical Deciduous Monsoon Forest:
This includes the Terai plains and the broad flat valleys, or Duns, found between successive hill ranges. The dominant tree species of this area are Sal (Shorea Robusta), sometimes associated with Semal (Bombax Malabricum), Asna (Terminalia tomentose), Dalbergia spp. and other species, and Pinus Vosburgh occurring on the higher ridges of the Churia hills, which in some places reach an altitude of 1800 m. Tall, coarse, two-meter-high elephant grass originally covered much of the Dun valleys but has now been largely replaced by agricultural settlements. The pipal (ficus religiosa) and the banyan (ficus bengalensis) are to be noticed for their specific natural characteristics. This tropical zone is Nepal's richest area for wildlife, with gaurs, buffaloes, four species of deer, tigers, leopards, and other animals found in the forest areas; rhinoceros, swamp deer, and hot deer found in the valley grasslands, and two species of crocodile and the Gangetic dolphin inhabiting the rivers. The principal birds are the peacock, jungle fowl, and black partridge, while migratory ducks and geese swarm on the ponds, lakes, and big rivers of Terai. Terai forests are full of jasmine, mimosa, acacia reeds, and bamboo.
2. Subtropical Mixed Evergreen Forest:
This includes the Mahabharat Lekh, which rises to a height of about 2400 m and comprises the outer wall of the Himalayan range. Great rivers such as the Karnali, Narayani, and Sapta Koshi flow through this area into the broad plains of the Terai. This zone also includes the so-called middle hills, which extend northward in a somewhat confusing maze of ridges and valleys to the foot of the great Himalayas. Among the tree species characteristic of this region is Castenopsis India, in association with Schima wallichii, and other species such as Alnus nepalensis, Acer oblongum, and various species of oak and rhododendron that cover the higher slopes where deforestation has not yet taken place. Orchids clothe the stems of trees, and gigantic climbers smother their heads. The variety and abundance of the flora and fauna increase progressively with decreasing altitude and increasing luxuriance in the vegetation. This zone is generally poor for wildlife. The only mammals, that are widely distributed, are wild boar, barking deer, serow, ghoral, and bears. Different varieties of birds are also found in this zone. Different varieties of birds are also found in this zone.
3. Temperate Evergreen Forest:
Northward, on the lower slopes and spurs of the great Himalayas, oaks, and pines are the dominant species up to an altitude of about 2400 m. They are found in dense conifer forests, including Picea, Tusga, Larix, and Abies spp. The latter is usually confined to higher elevations, with Betula typically marking the upper limit of the tree line. At about 3600 to 3900 m, rhododendrons, bamboo, and maples are commonly associated with the coniferous zone. The composition of the forest varies considerably, with coniferous predominating in the west and ericaceous in the east. The wildlife of this region includes the Himalayan bear, serow, Ghoral, barking deer, and wild boar, with Himalayan Thar sometimes being seen on steep rocky faces above 2400 m. The red panda is among the more interesting mammals found in this zone; it appears to be fairly distributed in suitable areas of the forest above 1800 m. The rich and varied avifauna of this region includes several spectacular and beautiful pheasants, including the Danfe pheasant, Nepal's national bird.
4. Subalpine and Alpine Zones:
Above the tree line, rhododendron, juniper scrub, and other procumbent woody vegetation may extend to about 4200 m, where it is then succeeded by a tundra-like association of short grasses, sedge mosses, and alpine plants wherever there is sufficient soil. This continues up to the lower limit of perpetual snow and ice at about 5100 m. The mammalian fauna is sparse and unlikely to include any species other than Himalayan marmots, mouse hares, Thar, musk deer, snow leopards, and occasionally blue sheep. In former times, the wild Yak and great Tibetan sheep could also be sighted in this region, and a few may still be surviving in areas such as Dolpa and Humla. Birdlife such as lammergeyer, snowcock, snow partridge, choughs, and bunting, along with redstarts and dippers, are often seen along the streams and rivulets. Yaks are the only livestock that thrive at high altitudes. They serve both back and draft animals. The cheeses prepared out of the milk are edible for months. The female Yak provides milk to the Sherpas.
The wonderful flora and fauna must suffice to indicate what a paradise Nepal is to the lovers of wild animals and birdlife, to the naturalists, and to the foresters.